ireland doing business in the united states

Times You May Not Need a US Affiliate

Mike Burke Choice of Entity, Formation Issues, Jurisdiction , , , , , , , ,

Ten days ago I was in Belfast, speaking on a joint Invest Northern Ireland- Catalyst program about doing business in the US. Much virtual ink has been spilled on this blog about when an Irish or Northern Irish company should form an affiliate in the US, and the reasons why. At the Belfast program, a participant asked me when an Irish or Northern Irish company might not need to form an affiliate in the US. Specifically, I was asked whether having/using a ‘hot desk’ in the US would require the Irish or Northern Irish company to form a US affiliate. The short answer is ‘no.’

Of course, there is a bit more explanation needed (I’m a lawyer after all…).  First, the answer to the question of whether one needs to form an affiliate in the US depends in part on whether the parent company can be deemed or determined to be doing business in one of the US states. That analysis can vary from state to state, and each US state has its own rules. But, in general, the use of a ‘hot desk’ on a periodic basis should not cause an Irish or NI company to be deemed to be doing business in most states. The second point is that the ‘doing business’ determination can and will change the more things an Irish or Northern Irish company does with that ‘hot desk.’ The more activity–making sales, servicing customers, executing contracts, hiring employees or contractors–and the greater the likelihood that the parent company would be deemed to be doing business in that state, and that’s when I recommend the formation of a US affiliate.  In other words, the more you do with a ‘hot desk’ and the more commercial contacts you have, the greater the likelihood that you’d be deemed to be doing business in a US state (or more than one) and should consider forming an affiliate.

No Termination Payment for You!

Mike Burke Distribution Agreements, Intellectual Property, Nondisclosure Agreements , , , , , , , , ,

I was recently asked whether the US had any regulations similar to the EU’s Commercial Agent Regulations–pursuant to which, upon termination or expiration of certain agency contracts, the agent would be entitled to an indemnity/compensation payment. The specific question related to a sales agency agreement, but the answer for the US is valid for agency, distribution and similar agreements.  The short answer is ‘no,’ the general rule in the US is that there are no termination payments due upon termination of a ‘commercial agent’ (or expiration of the term of the agency agreement). Notwithstanding that answer, I’d point out two things for an Irish/NI company potentially appointing a commercial agent in the US: (i) the underlying agency agreement should be clear on intellectual property rights in that the ownership of principal’s IP remains with the principal, the agent’s use of that IP inures to the benefit of the principal, and that the agent, even after termination/expiration, will execute whatever document are reasonably necessary to reflect the principal’s ownership of its IP; and (ii) the underlying agreement should also be clear that the agent must return all confidential materials/information to the principal upon termination/expiration of the term.

 

Please Don’t Do This With Your US NDAs

Mike Burke Nondisclosure Agreements , , , , , , , , , ,

Over the past two weeks, I’ve reviewed two non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) for Northern Irish companies that are expanding to the US. I’ve written about NDAs in the past: NDAs and You: Perfect Together. The NDAs were well-drafted, but each contained the same mistake–something I’ve seen more than once: each selected the law of Northern Ireland to govern the NDA. Each company ‘was told’ (I’m not sure by whom) that selecting NI law was appropriate–and to be sure, I’ve seen the same mistake made by Irish companies. On the one hand, there is nothing wrong with selecting NI (or Irish) law to govern a NDA…if you don’t need to enforce that NDA in the US.

Most NDAs will include language that allows the disclosing party to obtain injunctive relief in the event the party receiving the confidential information threatens to disclose/breach the NDA or actually does so. Injunctive relief in the US allows a party to obtain an order requiring the other party to stop doing something or face court sanction; it is, in the most basic sense, a fast (but temporary) resolution to a legal issue that doesn’t require the time or incur the cost of full-blown litigation. But selecting a non-US law to govern an NDA can make enforcing that NDA more difficult than it should be.

Let’s take one of our NI companies–under the NDA, they would be disclosing their confidential information to a potential distributor in Virginia (for example). Therefore, if there is an actual or threatened breach of the NDA, that breach would most likely occur in Virginia. Meaning that the court with appropriate jurisdiction over a potential injunctive relief request also is in Virginia. If the NI company goes to court in Virginia to seek injunctive relief based on the NDA, and the NDA has NI (or Irish) law as the governing law, there is a very real/significant risk that the Virginia court would decline to take action, based on the idea that the Virginia court is not the appropriate venue for matters of NI law. The court could tell the NI party to have the dispute resolved in NI and then take the NI judgment back to the Virginia court to be perfected/enforced.

That’s a lot of time and expense–so much so it destroys the value of the injunctive relief option in the first instance, at least in my view.  So, here’s my recommendation- select relevant U.S. law to govern your U.S.-focused NDA. It will make enforcement easier and more predictable.